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Types of Composting

There are two types of composting: at-home or small-scale composting and industrial/commercial composting. Each size has multiple ways of achieving high-quality compost. In this article, you will learn about three ways to compost for both types of composting and what you can and can’t compost.

At-home or small-scale composting

This type of compost can take anywhere from three months - two years to create a high-quality compost. Finished compost can be used in your personal gardens or donated to community gardens and farms.

Types of small-scale composting

Backyard composting: can be done in an open pit or composting bin

Indoor composting: can be done in a homemade or purchased composting bin.

Vermicomposting: red worms break down organic material into high-quality compost called castings.

What can you compost at home?

  • Fruits and vegetables
  • Egg and nutshells
  • Coffee grounds and paper filters
  • Paper, shredded newspaper and cardboard
  • Wood chips and sawdust
  • Cotton and wool rags
  • Garden trimmings, grass clippings, house plants, leaves, hay, straw, and leaves
  • Hair and fur
  • Fireplace ashes

What can’t you compost at home?

  • Large amounts of any items listed above can contribute to unsuccessful compost (reminder: composts need a proper balance of green and brown organic materials)
  • Animal products (grease, bones, dairy, seafood, etc.) and large quantities of food scraps should be composted at bigger facilities
  • Bioplastics or products listed as compostable

FAQs

Industrial/commercial composting

There are 185 full-scale composting facilities in the U.S. A full-scale composting facility is defined as a municipal or commercial facility that is equipped to receive and process organic waste that arrives by truckload volume from generators and haulers year-round.

Full-scale composting facilities’ main goal is to create a profitable product, fertilizing compost, in the quickest period. Once the compost is ready, composting facilities sell the fertilizer to the agriculture and landscaping sectors.

Types of medium to large-scale composting

Aerated (turned) windrow composting:

  • Suitable for: large volumes from entire communities/local governments and high-volume food-processing businesses (restaurants, cafeterias, etc)
  • This type of composting forms organic waste into 4-8ft high by 14-16ft wide rows of piles (windrows) and aerates them periodically manually or mechanically
  • Windrows are large enough to generate enough heat to maintain proper temperatures but small enough to allow oxygen flow

Aerated static pile composting:

  • Suitable for: relatively homogenous mixes of organic waste, does not work on animal byproducts or grease
  • Organic waste is mixed in a large pile and layered with loosely piled bulking agents to help with aerating (wood chops, shredding newspaper, or pipes)
  • This type of composting generates composts quickly (3-6 months) and requires no physical turning

In-vessel composting:

  • Suitable for: large amounts of waste
  • Organic material is fed into a drum/silo/concrete-lined trench or some form of a similar vessel
  • This form of composting allows for environmental control
  • The decomposing material is mechanically turned or mixed
  • High-quality compost is produced in a few weeks and is ready for use in a few months after the pile has cooled

What can you compost in industrial composting facilities?

  • Yard trimmings
  • Pre and post-consumer food waste
  • All food waste (including animal products)
  • Compostable paper and bioplastic products (although these products are often filtered out and sent to landfill)
  • Agricultural waste

FAQs

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What is controlled decomposition?

It is the molecular breakdown of material from a tangible object to particles that the human eye cannot see.

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What is a microorganism vs. a macroorganism?

A micro-organism is an organism that is of microscopic size, which is not visible to the naked eye. These include bacteria, viruses and fungus. A macro-organism in comparison are organisms that can be seen by the human eye like snails, millipedes, potato bugs, etc.

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What is the end-market for composting?

An end market is where the final transaction of a product occurs. In this case compost can be sold as a natural fertilizer to the agriculture sector, including local gardeners or industrial sized food producers.

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How does composting lower our footprint?

By composting you are reducing the food waste going to landfills, preventing the food waste from decaying and causing methane. You are also regenerating your scraps into a natural fertilizer, effectively eliminating your need for chemical fertilizers.

FAQs

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